Strategic Marketing Marketing Strategy - 3559 Words

STRATEGIC MARKETING REPORT WHAT IS STRATEGIC MARKETING? â€Å"The primary purpose of a marketing strategy is to effectively allocate and coordinate marketing resources and activities to accomplish the firm’s objectives within a specific product market. Hence pronouncements about the possibility of a marketing strategy contain specifying the target-market fragment(s) to be trailed and the artefact line to be vacant. Then, organisations pursue a modest advantage and synergy, preparation a well-integrated program of marketing mix elements.† (Boyd, 1998). PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Principles of marketing are normative avowals about marketing that state a circumstance lagged by a suggested action ( (Armstrong, 1994) The word â€Å"normative† simply means explicating a median, where median is an authoritative rule. Thus, principles are action phases or rubrics that are authoritative in the sagacity that they work in a specified condition. Alternative mode of observing at marketing principles is that they are operational guidelines, convincing managers how to deed in a assumed condition The arena of marketing strategy reflects the total marketing environment and its effects on a company or merchandise or service. The stress is on an in depth understanding of the market environment, particularly the competitors and customers.( (Acker, 1988) A marketing strategy reflects the means a firm has, or is obligatory to assign in exertion to attain an objective. Marketing Strategies comprise theShow MoreRelatedMarketing Strategic Planning : Marketing Strategy1042 Words   |  5 Pages2.4 MARKETING STRATEGIC PLANNING PROCESS Marketing strategic planning is a management tool to help the organization does better work and understand how to compete for the future. It is a guiding process for the members of an organization developing them necessary procedures and operations in the future. Like a decisions strategy for the organization process, as the process of growing and maintaining a strategic fit between target of organization and capability and it’s changing marketing opportunitiesRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management : Marketing Strategy Essay2339 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Strategic marketing management is the vital principle of successful marketing in this global environment and market. Strategic marketing is the marketing strategy which combines all the marketing and advertising goals into the comprehensive marketing plan. It is stated that a good marketing strategy should be come from the research on the national and international market and on the product mix. This strategy can be made for maximizing the organization profit and to sustain the businessRead MoreStrategic Marketing Strategy Of Qatar Airways1478 Words   |  6 PagesQatar Airways, founded in 1994, was determined to become the world’s best airline and through their use of strategic marketing strategies over the last twenty years the company has experienced substantial growth and is now considered among the world’s best. Through exploring Qatar Airways marketing strategies eight P’s framework – Product, Pricing, Place, Promotion, Partnerships, People, Packag ing and Programming – It can be understood how the airline has achieved its wealth of success despite isRead MoreContent Promotion : A Strategic Marketing Strategy Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesContent marketing is 62 percent more affordable than traditional advertising campaigns and it generates nearly three times as many leads, DemandMetric statistics show. 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SWOT Analysis Strength Carrefour’s global presenceRead MoreTesco and Its Strategic Marketing Strategies Essay3591 Words   |  15 PagesSummary This report examines the marketing strategies of Tesco, the market leader in the retail grocery industry in the UK. Analysis has shown that in this oligopolistic market, Tesco is following different marketing strategies to remain market leader. Tesco has been doing extremely well in focusing on different marketing strategies by constantly sticking to its principles â€Å"very little helps†. Subsequently the report highlights the different marketing strategies adopted by Tesco, specifically marketRead MoreMarketing Strategy –Strategic Position Assessment1902 Words   |  8 PagesMarketing Strategy –Strategic Position Assessment Strategic position assessment: provides the basic information about the sources of value in the business and the drivers that create value in the business. The SPA should be done at two levels: The corporate level should focus on the value potential of the company’s portfolio of businesses. The unit level should focus on the value and drivers of the individual markets and products. Each business is assigned one for the five strategic objectives: Read MoreCarrefours Strategic Marketing Strategy2255 Words   |  10 Pagestheir interest in entering into Russia’s retail markets. Carrefour entry into Russia market in 2009 had a short span of four months before Carrefour decided to pull out of the country. By conducting a SWOT analysis, defining the corporate global strategy, application to course work, case questions, and recommendations of Carrefour entry into Russia. It will make it possible to identify key components that lead to the failure of Carrefour in Russiaà ¢â‚¬â„¢s. SWOT Analysis Strength Carrefour’s global presenceRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management : Analysis Strategy, Implementation, And Control Of Marketing Activities1128 Words   |  5 Pages-Define Strategic Marketing Management and identify some current issues in strategic marketing management that might be faced by an organisation. â€Å"Strategic Marketing Management: The analysis strategy, implementation, and control of marketing activities in order to achieve organisation s objectives,† (Jack in the box, 2014). Through strategic planning, the company can break down their SMM into three main questions. What is the business doing now, what is happening in the environment, and whatRead MoreAmazon s Strategic Marketing Strategy1458 Words   |  6 Pagesphysically going to the store, Amazon created ecommerce and e-business models that generated massive profits for the company. This paper will discuss primarily on how IT aided in Amazon’s strategies involving their ecommerce business as well as their Web Services business. Before diving into Amazon’s business strategies, it is crucial to draw the distinction between Amazon’s ecommerce business from its Web Service business. Amazon’s ecommerce business allows different groups of people to buy, sell, or

Why Do No Harm - 1450 Words

DO NO HARM. - Saving those who try to do us harm. Ninety percent of deaths in combat or in a shooting occur before the victims ever make it to a hospital; COMBAT SEARCH AND RESCUE medical operators are dedicated to bringing that number down. To save the wounded, the CSAR operator has to make life or death decisions quickly and accurately. We use Tactical Combat Casualty Care, or TCCC, to guide our clinical decisions. TCCC as well as TECC [Law Enforcement is also guided by these principals, this process is known as TECC] is a process of treatment endorsed by the American College of Surgeons and the National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians. Once a scene is safe or the operator / officer determines that it is safe to do so†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Then I just heard this thunderous boom,† †¦ â€Å"At first it was like, ‘Whoa, what just happened? I immediately grabbed my rifle and pack and shouted †¦Wake up, get the hell up!’ Then over the COMMS (a radio known as a PRC148) I hear, ‘Hey! We have guys in a burning in the trucks [MAT-V] at the god damn tents [Using my nickname DC or DOC COUNTRY], my TL, (who we will call STRETCH in this story), said, ‘Hey DC, we got to roll! So we get Oscar mike, and it’s just us two, a couple hundred rounds of ammo, medical bags, and two Toyota pickup trucks. It wasn’t very far away, maybe a 3-minute drive. We came around a corner, and as soon as we did, we started getting shot at. So, I faced my vehicle east, he faced his west. Two bad guys came out, and I immediately raised my weapon and dropped them. We were about 120 meters from the burning [MAT-V], and the whole road was on fire. There were people everywhere, just scattered in pieces. 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Agriculture and Environmental Challenges

Question: Discuss about the Agriculture and Environmental Challenges. Answer: Introduction Latin American coffee industry is highly potential and profitable. It is important to discuss that Latin American countries are the leading producers and distributors of coffee beans across the globe. However, the cultivation and distribution process of coffee beans used to follow different important methods. Now-a-days, the farmers and different organizations in the Latin American countries used to focus on effective and significant cost as well as time effective approaches in the cultivation as well as distribution of coffee beans. There are several negative consequences of the cost effective manufacturing processes of the coffee beans. Soil erosion, lack of disposable income of farmers, and unemployment are referred as the most critical negative consequences of the cost effective coffee manufacturing processes. This report will critically examine and discuss the corporate responsibility in the coffee industry of Latin America. In an addition, this particular report will also analy se and explain the best suitable practices for the entire coffee industry in Latin America to maintain the sustainability within the industry. Lastly, the report will provide some valuable recommendations to the associated organizations, farmers, and government agencies to take care of the social as well as environmental sustainability. Examination and Discussion It is important to mention that Latin American countries are considered as the major coffee producers in this world apart from the East African regions across the globe. It is true that coffee industry plays an important role in the economic GDP growth rate of the countries in Latin America. Brazil is the one of the leading coffee producers across the globe based in Latin America. However, the governments of Latin American countries generally consider organizational sustainability, employees sustainability, environmental sustainability, social sustainability, economic sustainability, and overall countrys sustainability in order to ensure effective corporate responsibility. It is clear from the above diagram that the countries of Latin America always ensures effective and significant integration of stakeholders, such as government, communities, and enterprises in maintaining corporate responsibility. The governments also have similar approach towards the coffee industry, but the production process and business operation approaches of the farmers and organizations have faced several types of sustainability and corporate social responsibility related issues that are discussed below Coffee Production and Economic Sustainability Issues ICA used to govern the global coffee industry from the year 1962 and the year 1989. On the other hand, ICA was management by ICO. However, it is also important to mention that the Latin American coffee industry was also governed by ICA. Several critiques and industry experts have stated that the coffee sector faced huge problems during this period, but the industry and farmers did not face any kind of economic challenge (Topik, 2003, p.16). However, in the year 1989 several parties associated with the governor denied to make an agreement regarding export and important. As a result, the agreement got collapsed in the year 1989 as the countries did not agree with the newly developed export quota (Mobner, 2014, p.9). It is true that different types of pricing challenges appeared in between 1962 and 1989, but in the year 1989 and after the year 1989 the demand as well as price of the coffee products failed suddenly. Apart from that the economic inflation also hit the profitability as wel l as sustainability of the industry (Sims, 2007, p.204). Most importantly, farmers as well as distributors failed to sell the coffee products at fixed price rate as they did in the previous years. As a result, it has created economic crisis within the Latin American coffee industry as the demand as well as price of the products were less, but the supply was more comparing to demand (Pearson, 2008, p.26). It is quite important to mention that farmers failed to give proper basic facilities to the family members. On the other hand, they used to face difficulty in terms of the giving the educational opportunities to their children. These aspects clearly can state that the dispute and conflict in agreement caused economic challenges within the industry and in the lives of farmers and their family members. Coffee Production and Social Sustainability Issues There are several important facts and aspects regarding coffee plantation and cultivation. Now-a-days, several organizations as well as famers in the Latin American countries consider high volume of coffee plantation instead through the help of advanced technological instruments (Kirby, 2003, p.51). However, it is also important to mention that there are some firms that used to focus on effective as well as significant traditional cultivation activities. Still coffee is considered as a traded commodity across the globe. However, business orientation and high profitability interest are influencing the firms to product coffee in huge volume through the help of advanced technological applications. These aspects are usually affecting the business profitability as well as social sustainability of small trader ad farmers. Production in high volume by organizations and large traders is causing over supply comparing to the actual demand (Biswas, 2015, p.62). This particular over supply aspec t is actually hampering the demand for high quality goods and premium pricing aspect. These aspects have reduced the coffee price across the globe, which has created social crisis. Now-a-days, consumers facing difficulty to consume high quality coffee products as the farmers of large farms are focusing on technology-oriented manufacturing process. Moreover, they are directly dealing with the organizations (Oliveria, 2012, p.138). On the other hand, it is also important to mention that decrease in coffee price and demand also affected the social sustainability of the lives of common farmers, who are in traditional farming business. They faced huge loss. On the other hand, they also got de-motivated to cultivate coffee-beans according to the tradition process. Especially, the crackdown of ICA in the year 1989, affected that sustainability and systematic approach and procedure within the coffee manufacturing industry (Williams, 2014, p.12). Coffee Production and Environmental Sustainability Issues It is already discussed in the above part that several farmers and farming organizations have become business oriented as they are strongly focusing on the cost as well as time effective technologically advanced manufacturing options (Mol, 2006, p.81). It is true that the farmers can get high quality as well as sustainable coffee beans through shade-grown cultivation process. This particular process helps the farmers to maintain environmental sustainability as the coffee plantation and cultivation can sustain for 30 long years through this shade-grown cultivation process. Traditionally, according to the shade-grown cultivation process the coffee plants used to grow under the shade of banana trees. On the other hand, it is also important to discuss that shade grown plantation process helps to overcome soil erosion problem as the plantation and cultivation process used to take a longer time. However, this particular process is time as well as cost consuming, but it helps the farmers to maintain high quality aspect of the coffee beans (Srivastava, 2013, p.28). On the other hand, it also helps the farmers to maintain effective environmental sustainability as it helps to overcome soil erosion problem. Now-a-days, farmers are used to consider sun-grown manufacturing process. In this particular cultivation process, the farmers use advanced technological applications. Moreover, this sun-grown cultivation process is time as well as cost effective as the entire plantation or life cycle of tress used to complete within 15 years, which is lower comparing to the shade-grown process (Hertel, 2015, p.43). This process may increase the problems like soil erosion and earthquake. Last but not the least; it is also important to discuss that several farmers used to focus on chemical sprays and medicines in order to ensure rapid growth of plants and coffee beans (Patil, 2015, p.28). These aspects can affect the environmental sustainability in near future as these may cause environmental pollution and critical human diseases. Analysis and Explanation It is clear from the above discussion that organizational leaders as well as farmers within the coffee industry in Latin America faced economic challenges. On the other hand, it is also transparent that the farmers are approaching for cost as well as time effective manufacturing options in order to gain potential as well as significant competitive advantages through the use of technologically advanced solutions. In an addition, it is also important to mention that governments of the Latin American countries are also not that much bothered about maintaining economic, social, as well as environmental sustainability within the coffee production industry. Consideration of following strategic option and Kants Deontology ethical theory can help to ensure best practices to maintain social, economic, and environmental sustainability of the entire industry. Kants Deontology Ethics Theory Kants deontology ethical theory is based on five different important aspects that need to be considered in this analysis and explanation process. These five aspects are primary domain, philosophy, method, control, and source of value (USAK, 2016, p.1). In terms of primary domain, the farmers and important stakeholders should focus on specific actions that can help to maintain economic, environmental, and social sustain ability. It is clear from the above discussion that how time as well as cost effective cultivation approaches are affecting the economic as well as social sustainability of the small farmers. Moreover, use of chemicals and short-cut process in the cultivation also can hamper the environmental sustainability (Sugarman, 2001, p.37). Therefore, the primary domain and fundamental actions would be to focus on the, limitation of sun-grown manufacturing process and concentrating on the shade-grown cultivation process as it will help in maintaining both the social and environmental sustainability. In terms of principle, it can be mentioned that all the important stakeholders associated with the industry should try to focus on maintaining transparency and effective corporate governance. Corporate governance of the particular industry can be maintained as well as enhanced through effective integration of stakeholder engagement approach. In this approach, NGOs, government agencies, consumers, and farmers will participate in the strategy development and decision making process regarding maintaining sustainability. It is highly essential to mention that the farmers are finding it difficult to maintain social as well as economic sustainability. On the other hand, consumers are facing it difficult to consume high quality coffee beans due to increase in technologically advanced sun-grown cultivation process. On the other hand, limited coffee price is also affecting the profitability of the industry (Wood, 2009, p.114). Therefore, it would be effective for the stakeholders to come toge ther and decide that they should focus on the effective and significant shade-grown coffee cultivation activities. Moreover, it is also important for the NGOs and other government agencies to focus on the limitation of the usage of chemical sprays in the manufacturing process in order to enhance environmental sustainability. In terms of source of value, it will be effective for the government, industry experts, and other public legal agencies to ensure farmer empowerment aspect. It is true that coffee industry plays an important role in the sustainable economic GDP growth of the Latin American countries. Therefore, it would be highly effective for the government as well as different important public agencies to take care of the growth and sustainability of this particular industry. Farmers can be referred as the real growth drivers as well as major assets of this particular industry. On the other hand, traditional cultivation process only can ensure high quality as well as effective coffee beans. However, small scale farmers who used to focus on this traditional cultivation process are suffering from economic challenges due to lack of demand and low price of the coffee beans. Therefore, it will be highly effective to give appropriate value to these small scale farmers as they are the major stakeholders a nd they are real contributors to the GDP growth of the country. Empowerment to those farmers will help them both socially as well as financially as they can find it easy to lead a sustainable life (Reidy, 2013, p.549). In terms of method, the consumers should be knowledgeable enough to understand the quality of coffee beans and related products. Now-a-days, the price of coffee beans has been reduced due to consideration of cost as well as time effective cultivation activities. Therefore, it would be effective for the In terms of control, the government as well as important public agencies need to take care of the overall sustainability of the industry. It is highly important to discuss that important strategic approaches can be adopted and implemented to maintain sustainability if government takes any action as government can be referred as the most important stakeholder of a particular industry. The coffee industry in Latin America is suffering from the economic, social, as well as environmental challenges and sustainability issues. Therefore, the government should control the cultivation as well as different business operation activities of this particular industry. Moreover, it is also important to discuss that different types of legislative orientations should be developed to ensure effective traditional shade-grown cultivation process, as this particular cultivation process helps the farmers to maintain environmental sustainability (Cummiskey, 2016, p.8). On the other hand, it also helps in maintaining effective and significant transparency within the business operation process of the particular industry. Therefore, it can be stated that the farmers should focus on effective and sustainable cultivation and farming approaches to maintain environmental and social sustainability. On the other hand, it is also important to maintain economic sustainability of the industry through this approach. Most importantly, government and other important stakeholders should try to focus on significant farmer empowerment aspect as this particular aspect will help to ensure sustainable growth rate of the entire industry as the farmer are considered as real growth drivers of this particular industry. Conclusion It6 is clear from above discussion, examination, analysis, and explanation that Latin American coffee industry is highly potential as this particular industry used to play an important role in the economic development of the country. The coffee production industry in the Latin American countries were considered as profitable industry, but currently te industry is going through a lean patch due to some critical issues, such as poor pricing issues, inadequate farming challenges, lack of corporate governance, inadequate stakeholder engagement issue, and poor strategy development issues. Therefore, the industry is suffering from economic sustainability, social sustainability, and environmental sustainability related challenges. It is highly important for the important decision makers and government to focus on following recommendation plans to overcome the ongoing challenges. First of all, it is highly important for government to focus on effective corporate governance, transparency, and strong business ethics within the business operation process. Huge numbers of individuals has chosen coffee plantation and cultivation as profession. Therefore, it is highly essential for the governments of the respective countries in Latin America to interfere in the ongoing conflicts. The government should bring farmer empowerment aspect within the sector as the farmers are the major and important stakeholders of this industry. A strong centralization is going on within the industry. Lack of government interference and too much centralization can affect the business growth rate of the industry as it may hamper the motivation and productivity of the farmers (Gallaghar, 2010, p.223). Apart from all these things, effective farmer empowerment will help to bring decentralization within the overall system that can help to maintain economic as well as social sustainability of the industry. Last but not the least; it is recommended that government and farmers should prioritize effective stakeholder engagement in the strategy development and decision making process. It is clear from the above discussion that chemical products have been used in the production process to improve the growth of the plants and coffee beans (Bacon, 2008, p.209). However, integration of community members as well as government agencies in the strategy development and implementation process will help to maintain effective environmental sustainability throughout the cultivation and distribution process. References Bacon, C., 2008. Confronting the Coffee Crisis. London: Rowman and Littlefield. Baiasu, S., 2011. Kant and Satre. London: Sage. Biswas, A., 2015. Sustainability in Coffee Production. London: Routledge. Cummiskey, D., 2016. Kantian Consequentialism. New York: Springer. Gallagher, K., 2010. Handbook and Trade and the Environment. New York: Springer. Haslam, A. P., 2004. The Corporate Social Responsibility System in Latin America and the Caribbean. [PDF]. Available at: https://www.focal.ca/pdf/csr_04.pdf. [Accessed on December 16, 2016]. Hertel, W. T., 2015. Global Changes and Challenges of Sustainability. New Jersey: Pearson. Kirby, P., 2003. Introduction to Latin America. London: Cambridge University Press. Mobner, K. A., 2014. Corporate Social Responsibility in the Coffee Sector. [PDF]. Available at: https://projekter.aau.dk/projekter/files/195927591/CSR_in_the_Coffee_Sector.pdf. [Accessed on December 16, 2016]. Mol, A., 2006. Governing Environmental Flows. Stamford Cengage Learning. Oliveria, J., 2012. Upgrading Clusters and Small Enterprises. New York: Oxford University Press. Patil, S., 2015. Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods. New York: Springer. Pearson, L., 2008. Ethics and Environment in the Coffee Sector Linking CSR to the Consumer's Power in the Context of Sustainable Development. [PDF]. Available at: https://hj.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:5391/FULLTEXT01.pdf. [Accessed on December 16, 2016]. Reidy, D., 2013. A Companion to Rawls. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Sims, G. B., 2007. Addressing the Challenges facing Agricultural Mechanization. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Srivastava, J., 2013. Agriculture and Environmental Challenges. New York: McGraw-Hill. Topik, S., 2003. The Global Coffee Economy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Stamford: Cengage Learning. USAK., 2016. Six Ethical Theories Rough Overview. [Online]. Available at: https://homepage.usask.ca/~wiebeb/Etheory.html [Accessed on December 18, 2016]. Williams, G. R., 2014. Social Evolution and States. New Jersey: Pearson. Wood, W. A., 2009. Kants Ethical Thought. London: Kogan Page.

Should the Past Be Judged free essay sample

We can learn a lot from consulting the past. We learn more about our world, more about our history, and even more about ourselves. Spanish aphorist George Santayana once said: â€Å"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it† (qtd. in Moncur 1). In general terms, this famous aphorism means that it is important for us to study and learn from history in order to avoid repeating the same mistakes. However, the standards and values that we use today to judge the present are much different than they were in the past. What may have seemed like the right thing to do one hundred years ago might not be viewed the same way today. In her essay â€Å"At the Buffalo Bill Museum, June 1988,† Jane Tompkins questions whether or not we should judge the past by the standards and values of today. While visiting the Buffalo Bill Museum, Tompkins mentions that she is disturbed by the scenery of the museum and the statement made by William Frederick Cody, or Buffalo Bill, in the museum’s introductory video. Cody mentions that he wants to be remembered as â€Å"[the] man who opened Wyoming to the best of civilization† (Tompkins 588). However, Tompkins isn’t sure if he can be viewed as that man because of his controversial actions in the past. Although today’s standards and values are much different from those of the past, that doesn’t mean that we shouldn’t use them to judge the past. If anything, it is beneficial to judge the past by today’s standards, because we can use it as a learning experience. Society benefits when it judges the past from the current standards and values because as George Santayana mentioned, we must learn from history in order to avoid making the same mistakes. To some people, Buffalo Bill is one of the greatest heroes in American history. Buffalo Bill spent most of his early years working for the army. Cody served as a Union scout in the campaigns against the Kiowa and Comanche during the Civil War. He later enlisted with the Seventh Kansas Cavalry. After taking a few years off to settle down with his wife, Cody returned to the Army as chief of scouts for the Fifth Cavalry. He fought in 16 battles, including the defeat of the Cheyenne at Summit Springs. After his many years of service, Cody was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor in 1872. Cody’s service to the Army was called â€Å"above and beyond the call of duty. † In between his services to the Army, Cody took part in the buffalo trade that earned him his nickname. He became a buffalo hunter to feed the construction crews of the Kansas Pacific Railroad. Although these actions made him a big-game hunter, Jane Tompkins still considers him in part to be a conservationist. â€Å"If it were not for the buffalo in his Wild West shows the species would probably have become extinct† (Tompkins 592). However, the main reason for Cody being a conservationist is because he simply wanted to continue living as a hunter. â€Å"The combination big-game hunter and conservationist suggests that these men had no interest in preserving the animals for the animals’ sake but simply wanted to ensure the chance to exercise their sporting pleasure† (Tompkins 592-93). In this sense, it is difficult to determine whether Cody really cared for the animals or if he only wanted them preserved so he could continue hunting them. It was actions like these that make Cody a controversial figure in American history. According to N. Scott Momaday, Cody’s actions towards the Indians were what created so much opposition towards him. That’s not to say he wasn’t an authentic western hero. â€Å"As a scout, a guide, a marksman, and a buffalo hunter, he was second to none. At a time when horsemanship was at its highest level in America, he was a horseman nearly without peer. He defined the Plainsman† (Momaday 631). Like Tompkins, Momaday describes Cody has an American hero. They both praise him for his heroic deeds to the Army and for his preservation of the buffalo. But unlike Tompkins, Momaday believes Cody’s actions in his Wild West shows are what make him questionable as a hero. Cody’s Wild West shows weren’t just used to preserve the buffalo species; they were used to depict his actions as an Indian fighter. â€Å"Buffalo Bill was a plainsman, but the place he might have held on the picture plane of the West was severely compromised and ultimately lost to the theatrical pretentions of the Wild West Show† (Momaday 638). For Cody, these shows were just a transformation into an imitation of himself. The great fascination and peril of Cody’s life was the riddle of who he really was. The thing that opposed him, and perhaps betrayed him, was above all else the mirage of his own identity† (Momaday 631). In this essence, it is important for us to judge the past. Despite his treatment of the Indians, Cody is still an authentic American hero. Buffalo Bill isn’t the only figure in American history to be v iewed in this controversial manner. Consider the actions of Christopher Columbus after discovering America. In 1492, Columbus set out on a voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in an effort to prove that the world was round. After spending two months at sea, Columbus finally reached what he thought was India but was actually Central America. Columbus is credited for being the first to generate European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. His voyages eventually led to the colonization of the Americas and the development of a modern world. After Columbus, more and more explorers set out to the Americas, in search of land, natural resources, and knowledge of the environment. Columbus’ voyages were what ultimately led to the country we live in today. Because of this, a national holiday was created, known as Columbus Day, which is celebrated to honor his contributions to the development of the American continents. Columbus however isn’t viewed as a hero in the eyes of everyone today. Gerald Kevitt degrades Columbus for his treatment of the indigenous people who were already living in America prior to his arrival. â€Å"Universally lauded as a hero in the nineteenth century, the famous explorer is today often denounced as an ignoble precursor of imperial exploitation, environmental degradation, and genocide† (Kevitt 3). Columbus’ discovery is what ultimately led to the colonization of the Americas, but also to the destruction of an entire race. As more and more Europeans arrived, the native peoples’ land slowly diminished. Prior to European arrival, the inhabitants of the American continents were primarily made up of natives. Although it is unknown how long they inhabited the land, historians suggest that it was thousands of years before the Europeans even knew of its existence. N. Scott Momaday considers the Europeans to be thieves of the native peoples. Those Europeans who ventured into the West must have seen themselves in some way as latecomers and intruders. In spite of their narcissism, some aspect of their intrusion must have occurred to them as a sacrilege, for they were in the unfortunate position of robbing the native peoples of their homeland and the land of its spiritual resources (Momaday 628). The Europeans robbed the natives of their homeland. As more and more settlers a rrived, the natives were forced to move westward and further away from their villages. Their land slowly reduced in size until it was completely diminished and reduced to nothing. Many natives died along the way, not only because of the hardships they encountered but because of the diseases they caught from the Europeans. When the Europeans arrived, they brought with them many diseases from the east. The natives, who had never come in contact with Europeans before, were subjected to these diseases that killed many of them instantly. Their population slowly diminished as more and more Europeans moved west and took up even more of their land. The biggest problem with this tragedy is it is unknown by so many Americans today. Many Americans look at the time of European colonization as a time of expansion and renewal. They see it in the same way as Frederick Jackson Turner. In his essay â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History†, Turner describes the period of European colonization as positive in the eyes of everyone. â€Å"The frontier promoted the formation of a composite nationality for the American people†¦In the crucible of the frontier the immigrants were Americanized, liberated, and fused into a mixed race, English in neither nationality nor characteristics† (Turner 541). Turner fails to mention the Indians anywhere in his essay, as if they had no part in the event. To the colonists, they didn’t and that is why they were sent west. Turner sees the formation of the frontier in an entirely different perspective than Momaday. While it may have been a significant time for the colonists, it led to the destruction of the native tribes that were living in America centuries before the Europeans. We need to look to the past and learn from the mistakes of the Europeans. If we do not judge the past through the eyes of the present, how can we move on and prevent similar situations? There are some critics to this idea who believe that we should not judge the past based on today’s standards. They believe this causes us to see the past from a negative perspective because of how different society was run. Throughout her essay â€Å"At the Buffalo Bill Museum, June 1988†, Jane Tompkins continuously brings up her struggle in determining who Buffalo Bill really was. As mentioned before, Buffalo Bill is considered to be an authentic hero of the west. However, his treatment of the Indians makes his heroic title questionable. It is not so much that we cannot learn from history as that we cannot teach history how things should have been† (Tompkins 602). Jane Tompkins believes it is sometimes impossible to look at the past through the eyes of the present. Because of the different lifestyles led by the people of that time, it is difficult to see some of them as heroes from today’s perspective. After learning about Cody’s heroic deeds as a w ar fighter and his mistreatment of the Indians, Tompkins isn’t sure what her true vision of Cody really is. Must we throw out all the wonderful qualities that Cody had, the spirit of hope and emulation that he aroused in millions of people, because of the terrible judgment history has passed on the epoch of which he was part? The kinds of things he stands for – courage, daring, strength, endurance, generosity, openness to other people, love of drama, love of life, the possibility of living a life that does not deny the body and the desires of the body – are these to be declared dangerous and delusional although he manifested some of them while fighting Indians while representing his victories to the world? And the feelings he aroused in his audiences, the idealism, the enthusiasm, the excitement, the belief that dreams could become real – must these be declared misguided or a sham because they are associated with the imperialistic conquest of a continent, with the wholesale extermination of animals and men? (Tompkins 602) This question explains why we must judge the past based on today’s standards and values. Cody was an American hero, but his treatment of the Indians contrasts with that title. We need to look past that mistreatment and learn from the mistakes he made. This allows for us to move forward in life and define the true qualities that determine a hero today. In a contemporary world, it is important for us to study and learn from history in order to avoid repeating past mistakes. This general idea comes from George Santayana. It is true that a lot of the actions taken by individuals in the past are today viewed as controversial. The actions taken by William Frederick Cody make it difficult to determine who he really was.

Affirmative Action misc2 essays

Affirmative Action misc2 essays Affirmative Action: Reverse Discrimination? Affirmative Action is a hot issue in the United States, with wide differences of opinion over the correct way to expand opportunity for people who have historically been discriminated against. With the philosophical difference behind the legal and political tensions is deep. One side wants a total rollback of affirmative action programs, making individual merit the only criterion for hiring and promotional considerations. While the other extreme wants affirmative action to be pushed until the racial makeup of all professions mirrors the racial makeup of US society exactly. While both these sides are to the greatest ends of the argument there needs to be an approach to come up with a medium. This could include laws to force companies to vigorously recruit and develop minorities for professional and managerial jobs. However, there should not be any outright quotas, which reserve a certain number of slots for particular minority groups. This will cause resentments and constitutional o bstacles down the road. The objective here is not to do away with affirmative action in one sweep, rather to seek out strategies to help promising minorities and match them with opportunities they have rightfully earned and deserve. Now, what does the law say? Although Title VII has an affirmative action component part of it, most regulations stem from a requirement imposed by Executive Order 11246. There are a lot of misconceptions about affirmative action and what laws companies actual have to follow. One is that all companies are required to adhere to the laws under affirmative action, this is not the case. Executive Order 11246 states that once a company enters into a contract with a federal governmental agency that exceeds $10,000 it must abide by the affirmative action rules and regulations. These regulations include, but are not limited to, the following: to post in a conspicuous place, available to a...

Ib Pase Paper, Maths Hl Essays

Ib Pase Paper, Maths Hl Essays Ib Pase Paper, Maths Hl Essay Ib Pase Paper, Maths Hl Essay M10/5/MATHL/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX 22107204 mathematics higher level PaPer 2 Thursday 6 May 2010 (morning) 2 hours iNsTrucTioNs To cANdidATEs ? Write your session number in the boxes above. ? not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. do ? graphic display calculator is required for this paper. A ? section A: answer all of section A in the spaces provided. ? section B: answer all of section B on the answer sheets provided. Write your session number on each answer sheet, and attach them to this examination paper and your cover sheet using the tag provided. At the end of the examination, indicate the number of sheets used in the appropriate box on your cover sheet. ? unless otherwise stated in the question, all numerical answers must be given exactly or correct to three significant figures. 0 0 candidate session number 2210-7204 14 pages  © international Baccalaureate organization 2010 0114 –2– M10/5/MATHL/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX Full marks are not necessarily awarded for a correct answer with no working. Answers must be supported by working and/or explanations. In particular, solutions found from a graphic display calculator should be supported by suitable working, e. . if graphs are used to find a solution, you should sketch these as part of your answer. Where an answer is incorrect, some marks may be given for a correct method, provided this is shown by written working. You are therefore advised to show all working. Section a Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. Working may be continued below the lines, if necessary. 1. [Maximum mark: 4] The graph below shows y = a cos (bx) + c . y 4 2 x –2 0 –2 –4 2 4 6 Find the value of a , the value of b and the value of c . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2210-7204 0214 –3– 2. [Maximum mark: 5] The system of equations 2 x ? y + 3z = 2 3 x + y + 2 z = ? 2 ? x + 2 y + az = b M10/5/MATHL/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX is known to have more than one solution. Find the value of a and the value of b . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2210-7204 turn over 0314 –4– 3. [Maximum mark: 6] M10/5/MATHL/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX In the right circular cone below, O is the centre of the base which has radius 6 cm. The points B and C are on the circumference of the base of the cone. The height AO ? of the cone is 8 cm and the angle BOC is 60? . A diagram not to scale O B ? Calculate the size of the angle BAC . C .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2210-7204 0414 –5– 4. [Maximum mark: 7] (a) (b) M10/5/MATHL/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX Solve the equation z 3 = ? 2 + 2i , giving your answers in modulus-argument form. Hence show that one of the solutions is 1+ i when written in Cartesian form. [6 marks] [1 mark] .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 2210-7204 turn over 0514 –6– 5. [Maximum mark: 6] M10/5/MATHL/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX Let A , B and C be non-singular 2 ? 2 matrices, I the 2 ? 2 identity matrix and k a scalar. The following statements are incorrect. For each statement, write down the correct version of the right hand side. (a) (b) (c) ( A + B ) 2 = A2 + 2 AB + B 2 ( A ? kI )3 = A3 ? 3kA2 + 3k 2 A ? k 3 CA = B ? C = B A [2 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks] .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 2210-7204 0614 –7– 6. [Maximum mark: 5] M10/5/MATHL/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX Find the sum of all three-digit natural numbers that are not exactly divisible by 3. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. 2210-7204 turn over 0714 –8– 7. [Maximum mark: 7] M10/5/MATHL/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX Three Mathematics books, five English books, four Science books and a dictionary are to be placed on a student’s shelf so that the books of each subject remain together. (a) (b) In how many different ways can the books be arranged? In how many of these will the dictionary be next to the Mathematics books? [4 marks] [3 marks] .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. 2210-7204 0814 –9– 8. [Maximum mark: 6] M10/5/MATHL/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX In a factory produci ng glasses, the weights of glasses are known to have a mean of 160 grams. It is also known that the interquartile range of the weights of glasses is 28 grams. Assuming the weights of glasses to be normally distributed, find the standard deviation of the weights of glasses. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2210-7204 turn over 0914 – 10 – 9. [Maximum mark: 6] Let f ( x) = (a) (b) 4 ? x2 . 4? x M10/5/MATHL/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX State the largest possible domain for f . Solve the inequality f ( x) ? 1. [2 marks] [4 marks] .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 2210-7204 1014 – 11 – 10. [Maximum mark: 8] The diagram below shows the graphs of y = that all intersect in the same two points. M10/5/MATHL/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX 3 x ? 3 , y = 3 and a quadratic function, 2 3 x –3 Given that the minimum value of the quadratic function is ? 3 , find an expression for the area of the shaded region in the form a, b, c and t are to be determined. (Note: The integral does not need to be evaluated. ) .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ? t 0 (ax 2 + bx + c) dx , where the constants 2210-7204 turn over 1114 12 – Section B M10/5/MATHL/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX Answer all the questions on the answer sheets provided. Please start each question on a new page. 11. [Maximum mark: 20] A plane ? has vector equation r = (? 2i + 3 j ? 2k ) + ? (2i + 3 j + 2k ) +  µ (6i ? 3 j + 2k ) . (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Show that the Cartesian equation of the plane ? is 3 x + 2 y ? 6 z = 12 . The plane ? meets the x , y and z axes at A, B and C respectively. Find the coordinates of A, B and C. Find the volume of the pyramid OABC. Find the angle between the plane ? and the x-axis. Hence, or otherwise, find the distance from the origin to the plane ? Using your answers from (c) and (e), find the area of the triangle ABC. [6 marks] [3 marks] [3 marks] [4 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks] 12. [Maximum mark: 15] Casualties arrive at an accident unit with a mean rate of one every 10 minutes. Assume tha t the number of arrivals can be modelled by a Poisson distribution. (a) (b) (c) Find the probability that there are no arrivals in a given half hour period. A nurse works for a two hour period. Find the probability that there are fewer than ten casualties during this period. Six nurses work consecutive two hour periods between 8am and 8pm. Find the probability that no more than three nurses have to attend to less than ten casualties during their working period. Calculate the time interval during which there is a 95 % chance of there being at least two casualties. [3 marks] [3 marks] [4 marks] [5 marks] (d) 2210-7204 1214 – 13 – 13. [Maximum mark: 11] M10/5/MATHL/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX Points A, B and C are on the circumference of a circle, centre O and radius r . ? A trapezium OABC is formed such that AB is parallel to OC, and the angle AOC ? is ? , ? ? ? . 2 B C A r ? O diagram not to scale (a) (b) ? Show that angle BOC is ? ? ? . 3 marks] Show that the area, T , of the trapezium can be expressed as T= 1 2 1 r sin ? ? r 2 sin 2? . 2 2 [3 marks] (c) (i) Show that when the area is maximum, the value of ? satisfies cos ? = 2 cos 2? . (ii) Hence determine the maximum area of the trapezium when r = 1. (Note: It is not required to prove that it is a maximum. ) [5 marks] 2210-7204 turn over 1314 – 14 – 1 4. [Maximum mark: 14] M10/5/MATHL/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX A body is moving through a liquid so that its acceleration can be expressed as ? v2 ? ? 32 ? m s ? 2 , ? 200 ? where v m s ? 1 is the velocity of the body at time t seconds. The initial velocity of the body was known to be 40 m s ? 1 . (a) Show that the time taken, T seconds, for the body to slow to V m s ? 1 is given by T = 200 ? (b) (i) 40 V 1 dv . v + 802 2 [4 marks] dv Explain why acceleration can be expressed as v , where s is ds displacement, in metres, of the body at time t seconds. Hence find a similar integral to that shown in part (a) for the distance, S metres, travelled as the body slows to V m s ? 1 . [7 marks] (ii) (c) Hence, using parts (a) and (b), find the distance travelled and the time taken until the body momentarily comes to rest. [3 marks] 2210-7204 1414

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Psychology - Essay Example They will behave aggressively if put in a group of aggressive people. This perspective views human behavior as a result of the manner in which people interact with the environment as well as their reaction to it. The circumstances in which a child grows largely affect his/her behavior. Exposure of a child to antisocial behavior may lead to development of similar behavior in him/her (HJelle, & Ziegler, 1992). According to Barbara (2006), the behavior of people is variable depending on the situation in which they are in. The situationalists consider human behavior to be based on time and space as well as the continuous activities of other people. This perspective is often overlooked by the society. People fail to understand the impact of external factors on the behaviors of individual. For example, the cultural and ethnic backgrounds present situations that are unique within different social settings. Hofsted defines culture as a tool that the mind applies to guide a person’s day to day activities and interactions with others. He believes that culture is a collective aspect of a population that has occupied a particular social environment where individuals learn unique norms and also develop standards that guide their behavior. These behaviors make a distinction between cultures since all individuals in a particular culture share norms and customs (Hofstede, 1991). Culture generate s circumstances that shape the behavior of humans. In essence, if all people grew up under the same cultural background, they are likely to develop similar behaviors. If they grow separately, they tend to be different as regards their actions, behaviors as well as their way of thinking. In contrast, the personality side of the debate argues that people really are different, and even given the best possible situation, people’s outcomes will be different. Personality is a term that represents the typical patterns of personal judgment, mind-set and actions

Law and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law and Management - Essay Example The ill preparedness of the crew of the ship is a life-threatening feature, which further demoralizes the employees. Lack of effective management coupled with the lack of safety precautions in the ship are deliberate breaches of the existing International Safety Management code that requires effective redress in order to revamp the productivity of the ship as the discussion below portrays. Firstly, the ship has a crew of 14 members from different parts of the world. The engineer and the chief officer are British; the crews are polish while the other officers are Indians. This implies that the environment in the ship is a cosmopolitan society that requires an effective management structure that will succeed in creating a perfect environment for the people from various backgrounds to achieve their maximum productivity. Unfortunately for the employee on the ship, the official language for communication is English. Such is a major drawback that affects the efficiency of operations in the ship. The management does not attempt to find out the competencies of the crews in order to determine the most appropriate language to use while in the ship. Language therefore becomes a vital barrier to the communication on the ship. Numerous other mistakes arise on the ship most of which are attributable to the lack of effective medium of communication. On a voyage between Dundee and South Shields, the tanker causes a pollution incident when it spills oil from under the manifold over the main deck. Pollution is always a major concern to everyone who uses the seas and oceans among other large water bodies. Governments can always forfeit the license of ships among other vessels that pollute the sea. As such, the management of the vessels using the large water bodies must always take adequate precaution and ensure that their vessels do not cause pollutions. As such, the short voyage between Dundee and South Shields incident is a portrayal of lack of adherence to the existing codes.

International Business Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

International Business Law - Assignment Example The agency intervenes in dispute resolution before they get to the level of a claim in court. It helps clients to access funds from equity partners and banks. The agency increases tenors of loans that are available to investors. Regulatory approach to the regulation of pollution involves governments or other authorities adopting guidelines that stipulate certain pollution levels and ways of maintaining these levels. An example of regulatory approach is the command and control regulation. Non-regulatory approach to the regulation of pollution uses incentives and sensitization to encourage industries to adopt environment-friendly measures and practices. Market-based incentives are an example of non-regulatory pollution regulation. The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement that many nations negotiated during the 1997 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Kyoto, Japan. The main objective of the Kyoto Protocol is to mandate nations to reduce their emission of greenhouse gases by set rates. For example, in nation present at the convention agreed to cut their annual greenhouse emissions by 5.2% by 2012 relative to 1990. The greenhouse gases targeted are carbon dioxide, sulfur hexafluoride, methane, HFCs, nitrous oxide, and PFCs. The 1989 Basel United Nations Convention introduced measures regulate the movement of hazardous waste for disposal in other countries. The convention instituted a condition that require that states that are parties to the convention cannot authorize or transport hazardous waste across borders into or out of a country that prohibits such movement. Party states cannot move hazardous waste into another country if they have the capacity to recycle it. They also cannot move waste into a country that lacks sound waste management measures (August, Mayer and Bixby 52-

The User Experience in Mobile Computing

The User Experience in Mobile Computing ABSTRACT Mobile phones have become a necessity for almost every person throughout the world. Cell phones have become almost a status symbol in addition to the convenience and security that comes from owning them. In this article, We would like to discuss the importance of the user experience and the user interface in Mobiles/Soft Wearables. 1INTRODUCTION In this paper, We would discuss the user experience/ user interface with mobiles/soft wearables in the past, current and future. We would also look at design approach to soft wearables, material explorations. At the end we would see the challenges or difficulties in mobile user experience. 2DISCUSSION Scientists have researched a lot regarding the user experience in Mobiles/Wearables. Early research in this field frequently encouraged people to share their devices to create a collective experience or reach a common goal. Most of this first-wave  research initially looked at the use of smartphones (and tablets) to study mobile collocated interactions. As a result, early mobile collocated interactions research tended to be device-centric. Nowadays, Computers have transitioned from being in a large room (e.g., ENIAC), to our desks (e.g., PCs), to a bag (e.g., laptops), and to our pockets (e.g., mobile phones). Wearable computers (e.g., the WIMM watch) have continued the trend towards ever-smaller computers, ones that can be worn on our wrists (e.g., Apple Watch) or other parts of the body (e.g., Google Glass, Microsoft HoloLens). While the first-wave of mobile collocated interactions seemed device-centric, this current second wave is user experience-centric. Such novel mobile collocated interactions may include clothing, accessories, prosthetics, and jewelry. One s uch example is Its About Time which explores extending smartwatch interactions to turn personal wearables into public displays. Adopting ideas of proxemics could allow for designers to better shape each individuals personal motivations and perceptions of their interactions with both devices and others, to better support their experiences. Soft wearables include clothing and textile-based When designed well, they leverage the cultural, sociological and material qualities of textiles, fashion and dress; diverse capabilities and meanings of the body; as well as the qualities and capabilities afforded by smart and programmable elements. When designing soft wearables a designer must consider a range of requirements that do not typically demand focus when designing products that are not worn, including: sensitivity to material detail; an eye for fit and comfort on bodies with diverse shapes and movement capabilities openness to a diversity of meanings that may be generated; as well as consideration of wearers intimate relations with technology. Soft wearables allow for greater scope within these requirements. Using smart textiles and soft electronic interfaces in wearables opens up the opportunity to engage with wearers senses in diverse and subtle ways. A knitted garment for example can deform and reform as the body moves and pushes against the fabric. When augmented with smart capabilities, such deformations may be used to sense engagement and trigger events. But, There are a number of technological challenges for designing user experience such as binding, security, spatial registration, heterogeneous platforms and sensors, non-touch interaction as well as development and runtime environments. In addition to these, there are social challenges such as privacy, social acceptability, social participation, social exclusion and social engagement. There are a number of Perceptual and Physiological challenges such as varying display resolutions, luminance, effective visual fidelities, visual interference, color or contrast in display overlap which can be experienced with body proximate ecosystems. 4 CONCLUSION Today, mobile application development technology is evolving at a very shocking pace. User experience is becoming an increasingly crucial feature when it comes to the digital landscape. It defines how the user feels and thinks about your product from his or her own perspective. It is about making something valuable, easy to use and effective for your target market. However, in a market where quality and performance always come before brand loyalty, creating a fluid user experience (UX) is key to the success of any mobile app development project. REFERENCES [1] Andrà ©s LuceroEmail author, James Clawson, Joel Fischer and SimonRobinson Mobile collocated interactions with wearables: past, present, and future Nov 2016 [2] Oscar TomicoEmail author and Danielle Wilde Soft, embodied, situated connected: enriching interactions with soft wearables June 2016 [3] Jens GrubertEmail author, Matthias Kranz and Aaron Quigley Challenges in mobile multi-device ecosystems Aug 2016

The Internet Increases Social Isolation Essay -- Internet Technology a

Inside the majority of American households rest the unlimited territory of the internet. The unlimited and always advancing possibilities have unlocked powerful new tools in communication and socialization. Tools such as: long distance visual communication, international circulation of personal thoughts, and massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG) have all led to a closer but more distant community of people. The positive side can attribute to the fact that the younger generation seems more in tune with their international counterparts. Youth have the ability to anonymously communicate with others through various message boards, mostly governed by one policy, freedom of speech. The anonymity of the internet has created a community where social outcasts mingle freely with others; a society where jocks can converse with geeks without fear of reprisal. This community releases people from the bounds of their own flesh. Yet, technological advances have pus hed society into the next dimension of communication and socialization that seemingly override traditional and more personal vessels of communication. The internet, initially developed by researchers at MIT and UCLA, had first purposes as a communications system between participating Universities. Walt Howe, Director of Libraries at Babson College, explains that the use of the system was limited to engineers, scientists, and those with the complex knowledge of computer operating systems. Because of the complexity involved many attempted to create a more user efficient system, one that home users could adopt. The most modern and user friendly system was pioneered around 1991 at University of Minnesota as a tool to access files and information local... ...ally socializing face-to-face. The technological shield inhibits proxemics and makes it impossible for those communicating to see the involuntary body movements of their counterpart, leaving a dislocated and artificial feeling. But, increases in online networking will lead to social skill atrophy. By increasing online networking, people will become left experiencing life vicariously. Works Cited Hall, Edward T. "A System for the Notion of Proxemic Behavior." American Anthropologist: 65. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. Howe, Walt. "A Brief History of the Internet." Walt Howe's Home Page. Web. 24 Mar. 2015. . Massik, Sonia and Solomon, Jack. â€Å"You-Topian Dreams: Myspace, Yourspace, and the Semiotics of Web 2.0.† 2014. 426-7. Simpson, Joanne Cavanaugh. â€Å"Multitasking State of Mind.† 2006. Massik and Solomon. 469-71. The Internet Increases Social Isolation Essay -- Internet Technology a Inside the majority of American households rest the unlimited territory of the internet. The unlimited and always advancing possibilities have unlocked powerful new tools in communication and socialization. Tools such as: long distance visual communication, international circulation of personal thoughts, and massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG) have all led to a closer but more distant community of people. The positive side can attribute to the fact that the younger generation seems more in tune with their international counterparts. Youth have the ability to anonymously communicate with others through various message boards, mostly governed by one policy, freedom of speech. The anonymity of the internet has created a community where social outcasts mingle freely with others; a society where jocks can converse with geeks without fear of reprisal. This community releases people from the bounds of their own flesh. Yet, technological advances have pus hed society into the next dimension of communication and socialization that seemingly override traditional and more personal vessels of communication. The internet, initially developed by researchers at MIT and UCLA, had first purposes as a communications system between participating Universities. Walt Howe, Director of Libraries at Babson College, explains that the use of the system was limited to engineers, scientists, and those with the complex knowledge of computer operating systems. Because of the complexity involved many attempted to create a more user efficient system, one that home users could adopt. The most modern and user friendly system was pioneered around 1991 at University of Minnesota as a tool to access files and information local... ...ally socializing face-to-face. The technological shield inhibits proxemics and makes it impossible for those communicating to see the involuntary body movements of their counterpart, leaving a dislocated and artificial feeling. But, increases in online networking will lead to social skill atrophy. By increasing online networking, people will become left experiencing life vicariously. Works Cited Hall, Edward T. "A System for the Notion of Proxemic Behavior." American Anthropologist: 65. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. Howe, Walt. "A Brief History of the Internet." Walt Howe's Home Page. Web. 24 Mar. 2015. . Massik, Sonia and Solomon, Jack. â€Å"You-Topian Dreams: Myspace, Yourspace, and the Semiotics of Web 2.0.† 2014. 426-7. Simpson, Joanne Cavanaugh. â€Å"Multitasking State of Mind.† 2006. Massik and Solomon. 469-71.

Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shintoism

The three of the most common religions in Asia are Buddhism, Shintoism, and Confucianism. In many ways, these religions share a number of common traits although they do possess a certain number of distinct differences as well. As such, a clear examination of the similarities and differences will be provided herein. Buddhism originated in India where it later traveled to China and to Japan. The Chinese version of Zen Buddhism is probably the most prevalently practiced form of the religion in the world.Mainly, this is because this form of Buddhism is mostly concerned with philosophical and practical approaches to Buddhist theory and study, Mainly, Buddhism is concerned no with an afterlife or a heaven as much as it is concerned with achieving enlightenment on earth. A simple definition of enlightenment would be a free and clear mind that does not prescribe to any attachments or suffering. This is clearly not an easy state of mind to attain. However, by following Buddhism’s 8 Fol d Path and 4 Noble Truths throughout one’s life, it may be possible to attain enlightenment.Both the 8 Fold Path and the 4 Noble Truths are designed as a means of approaching life is a safe and sane manner that leads to eventual enlightenment. As the name would imply, Confucianism derives from the life, philosophy, and teaching of Confucius. Although Confucius and Confucianism originated in China, the religion has universal appeal. That is why it spread throughout East Asia and, to a certain, degree, into the western world. The basic premise of Confucianism seems more akin to traditional logic than any type of spiritual religion.(This is where it possesses many Page – 2 similarities to Buddhism) The central tenants of Confucianism stress the importance of educating the populace in order to create a moral order. From this moral order, a government will emerge that prescribes to logical, moral tenants. As a result, the government will seek to serve its people as opposed to ruling over them with an iron fist. This connects to the notion that a moral order breeds compassion. This ties into Confucius’ belief that relationships and ritual behavior were critical to maintaining societal order.Shintoism is quite removed from Confucianism and Buddhism in a number of ways. Shintoism is far more localized to Japan that the other two religions. Additionally, it is a religion that places great emphasis on the worship of spirits. This is far removed from the more secular approach of the other two religions. Shintoism seeks to create a harmony between humans and the natural world. So, in a way, it combines secular logic with the natural world and the corporal world of the spirits.Ultimately, the goal of Shinto is to follow the path of the Four Affirmations. These Four Affirmations involve combining adherence to tradition and family; the natural world; physical cleanliness; and the spirit. Through this, an attainment similar to Buddhist enlightenment might be acquired. Again, there are similarities and differences between all three religions. The main similarity would be the desire to attain a more perfect and moral life. That is a common thread that is quite valuable.

Free Essays on Catepillar Case

Caterpillar Case Between the 1980’s and 1990’s, Caterpillar was experiencing problems that could shake the foundation of their company’s stability and future. Several strategic analyses were done on the company along with solutions to get the company back on its feet. Some of the problems Caterpillar was experiencing included, core operations were too costly, some of their equipment was old, their production process was slow, their production design activities were too costly and they were having union disagreements. In the 1980’s, Caterpillar’s name was recognized globally and they were considered a leader in the heavy-duty construction equipment industry. They were facing an industry collapse and union difficulties. Global demand was dropping and the yen was weak which allowed their biggest rival, Japan’s Komatsu Ltd., to undercut prices by 40% and Komatsu began gaining market share. This coupled with a lengthy, debilitating strike with the Union Auto Workers (UAW) in 1990-91 made the situation worse. Donald Fites, who was named CEO of Caterpillar took an aggressive stance toward the UAW and put a strategy in place to rebuild Caterpillar as the industry leader. Mr. Fites strategic plan began with, seeking low-cost and speed enhancing leadership advantages. He would do this by integrating production activities across multiple models to gain economies of scale, speed up production processes with newer technology, and reduce inventory costs with increased JIT accommodated with speedier production activities: Mr. Fites began overhauling in Caterpillar’s manufacturing in the core truck and tractor operations. Almost $2 billion was invested to modernize his U.S. plants with new state of the art machinery, which helped to slash time, and vastly simplified production. Cat can now build 20 different models from the same basic design and coupled with the increased use of temporary workers in the nonunion plants h... Free Essays on Catepillar Case Free Essays on Catepillar Case Caterpillar Case Between the 1980’s and 1990’s, Caterpillar was experiencing problems that could shake the foundation of their company’s stability and future. Several strategic analyses were done on the company along with solutions to get the company back on its feet. Some of the problems Caterpillar was experiencing included, core operations were too costly, some of their equipment was old, their production process was slow, their production design activities were too costly and they were having union disagreements. In the 1980’s, Caterpillar’s name was recognized globally and they were considered a leader in the heavy-duty construction equipment industry. They were facing an industry collapse and union difficulties. Global demand was dropping and the yen was weak which allowed their biggest rival, Japan’s Komatsu Ltd., to undercut prices by 40% and Komatsu began gaining market share. This coupled with a lengthy, debilitating strike with the Union Auto Workers (UAW) in 1990-91 made the situation worse. Donald Fites, who was named CEO of Caterpillar took an aggressive stance toward the UAW and put a strategy in place to rebuild Caterpillar as the industry leader. Mr. Fites strategic plan began with, seeking low-cost and speed enhancing leadership advantages. He would do this by integrating production activities across multiple models to gain economies of scale, speed up production processes with newer technology, and reduce inventory costs with increased JIT accommodated with speedier production activities: Mr. Fites began overhauling in Caterpillar’s manufacturing in the core truck and tractor operations. Almost $2 billion was invested to modernize his U.S. plants with new state of the art machinery, which helped to slash time, and vastly simplified production. Cat can now build 20 different models from the same basic design and coupled with the increased use of temporary workers in the nonunion plants h...

Muscular Dystrophy essays

Muscular Dystrophy essays Muscular Dystrophy is a genetic disease characterized by weakness and degeneration of the skeletal or voluntary muscles which control movement. The muscles of the heart and other involuntary muscles can be affected and a few forms involve other organs as well. The major forms of muscular dystrophy are myotonic, duchenne, becker, limb-girdle, distal and emery-dreifuss. Duchenne most commonly affects children and myotonic most commonly affects adults. Some cases may be mild and very slowly progressive, while others may have a more marked progression of muscle weakness, functional disability and loss of ambulation. The life expectancy depends on the degree. For example, with duchenne, death usually occurs in the late teens to early twenties. Symptoms are different in each type of muscular dystrophy. For example, duchenne symptoms begin between ages 2 and 4. The child falls frequently due to weakening of leg muscles and has difficulty getting up from the ground. The child will also have trouble running or walking normally. The calf muscles gradually enlarge as the legs become weaker and there is weakness in arm and neck muscles. By age 12 most patients are unable to walk and are limited to a wheelchair. As the illness progresses, there is also an abnormal curvature of the spine. They also suffer from mental impairment or heart problems. In myotonic dystrophy there is an abnormally prolonged muscle contraction. It can develop in birth or early adulthood. It affects the hands, wrists, and tongue. There is also wasting of facial muscles, neck muscles and muscles of the wrists, fingers, and ankles. The tongue and throat muscles cause speech problems and difficulty swallowing. If the diaphragm and chest muscles are involv ed there may be breathing problems. There is no specific treatment for any of the forms of muscular dystrophy and no cure. The patients are given a healthy meal plan to help them avoid obesity because it could cause...

Signal Role in Mission Command Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Signal Role in Mission Command - Research Paper Example Troops must be connected regularly to satellite-based communication. This means for effective command and control, force deployment can only take place in the face proper information communication technologies developing in the world. The main responsibility of the Signal Regiment is to ensure that the Army is successfully transformed into an information-technology period and new communication tools are being properly utilized. According to Rutt and Jette (2003), the increasing need for joint-service operations underscores the requirement for using common audio, imagery and data signals and networks for all warfighters. The objective is a flawless global system where signals can be transferred between users safely and easily in a way understandable to the user (McGrath, 2006). The main aim of communications technology tools is to guarantee the commander and personnel continuous safe communications during operation and on the front lines. To achieve this, the establishment of battle l abs for emerging combat developments has made significant leaps on this front, especially in most developed countries such as the United States. Technology is known to change faster in communications and computerization than new innovation. In light of this, emerging technologies tend to be focused more on the personnel such as swift prototyping and trials by soldiers in a practical way. Satellite-based Communication A satellite-based signal transmission system for combat trucks is currently under evaluation. Lighter, petite, mobile and more effective systems are the impression for future battleground communications. Currently the trials are ongoing on Mounted Battle Command on-the-move systems powered by satellite communications that will offer broadband signals and communications to a commander on the battlefield (Bullock, &Marshall, 2011). The technology will use lighter, undersized, and less costly tracks with technologies mounted on it to improve communications for battle comma nds on the move. Nonetheless, the development of gadgets that will practically work in adverse combat environment is still a challenge to the manufacturers. Future signal transmissions will witness the placement of small satellite receivers on military trucks, especially those that are meant for command and control operations on the battlefields (McGrath, 2006). The main aim of these operations is to connect a large number of these trucks using satellites, so that the army can operate anywhere across the world with relative ease. Currently, physical barriers are an issue on the battlegrounds, and as result commanders are forced to move closer to the frontline for effective communication (Rutt, & Jette, 2003). However, in future, commanders will have the capacity to establish several communication channels between them, and the lower-level personnel anywhere in the combat zones. Expanded communications reach Recent experiences in the war on terrorism have emphasized the need to align battlefield movements with quick and easier communication (Tyler, 2008). Future communications will therefore have further geographical reach compared to the scope of current communications. The currently limited reach of communications poses a bigger problem to command and control between forward deployed units and those that are in the rear (Bullock, &Marshall, 2011). Current technological weaknesses also impede proper communications with troops

The Legal Environment of Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Legal Environment of Business - Essay Example The city had great moral values and therefore (2) this was the question asked by the general public to the Democratic Mayor of the city, Deedee Corradini, as to how the city of moral values ended up with such criticism. All the dreams of the people of the city had been washed off. This was due to the biggest bribery scandal that had taken place in the history and this crime had been committed by the officials of the city. It was thought that the 2002 Winter Olympics which was awarded to Salt Lake four years from then would bring into the town business of $ 2.8 billion. This was enough reason to influence the process of the selection of site it could not be resisted by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC). When the scandal broke in January, it was found that out of the 114 IOC members, SLOC had bribed 13 of them with $393,000 mostly in the form of stipends and scholarships to family members. Then by the end of the month the figure had taken a toll to $800,000 of real cash bribes. Then again by early February, the toll had again risen to $1.3 million and for 24 members which was almost 1/5 of the IOC. The IOC had then said (3) that it would change the method of selection of the host cities and there was resignation given by four of its members. Two of the top SLOC officials were - Vice President David Johnson and CEO and President Frank Joklik -were forced to resign and the committee underwent a comprehensive restructuring. There were also the allegations of criminal nature and for this reason, criminal investigations were ordered including investigations by the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Internal Revenue Studies. The companies like- Coca Cola, McDonald's, IBM, Visa, Eastman Kodak and United Parcel Service, being long time corporate sponsors of the Olympic Games threatened to take back their support.It had also been found that there were several middlemen (4) who had gained much profit as brokers by selling the votes of IOC members from Africa a nd Middle East who had the least chance of winning the sites in their own areas. In the present circumstance, the situation of Bigtown seems very similar to that of the Salt Lake case. In the Bigtown case, the mayor has been voted on his assuring the people that he will change everything in the City and make it a place to be seen and to see. But all these words have somewhat disappeared with the time. He is very much disturbed by the way things are going and wants to offer contracts for city work in exchange for convention business. This may not be called bribery but can be classified as lobbying. Moreover this is against law and is unethical. Being a mayor of the city, he should try to solve all the problems through his departments rather than giving off the city's works to the general public through contracts. The specific issues that link the Bigtow

Smoke Signals, I Stand Here Ironing Movie Review

Smoke Signals, I Stand Here Ironing - Movie Review Example logue from the perspective of a mother who, whilst ironing has her presence requested for meeting from a school administrator regarding her daughter Emily. It is upon this foundation that the mother begins to recall the childhood of her daughter who is now a nineteen year old woman. It is made abundantly clear that the mother I actuality has very little control over her daughter and feels underappreciated though she does still have strong feelings. It is only through a gradual process does the reader come to learn that her daughter had a childhood full of poverty where the narrator identifies that she was in fact nineteen years old when she gave birth toe Emily. Both the narrator and Emily suffer from abandonment issues owing to the husband/father abandoning the young pair. It is at this point that the narrator leaves the child with the husband’s family further presenting abandonment issues for Emily who ultimately was sent to a sanitarium. In the film â€Å"Smoke Signals† one finds a tale between two young men, Thomas and Victor who share the same father figure named Arnold. Victor is the actual son of Arnold and Thomas was saved by Arnold from a burning house which took the lives of his birth parents. It becomes apparent that Thomas idolizes Arnold as a savior and Victor views Arnold through a very critical lens. After Arnold dies the two men must travel across the country to retrieve his ashes and it is upon this foundation that the two men make begin to begin to vent their frustrations and come to grips with their true feelings regarding their father figure ultimately dealing with issues of abandonment, alcoholism and the true origin of the fire that took the life of Thomas’s parents (Arnold started the fire by accident with a fire cracker). The film culminates with Victor becoming more compassionate towards his father and his situation whereas Thomas reasserts his deep admiration of Arnold. From the outset the comparisons between the film and the short

Preserve Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Preserve Knowledge Essay Dear Sir, Have you ever noticed how people live all their lives in the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom? As a society, we put so much emphasis upon enriching our lives through education and it never seems to dawn upon us that upon our demise, all of this knowledge we thirsted to have in life becomes a forgotten part of our existence. It bothers me when I hear about people committing suicide or killing an innocent person because all of the knowledge they gained in life goes with them to the grave and is then lost forever. This is why I have decided that the time has come for me to write a book that will help people come to terms with their personalities and perhaps learn to appreciate their reason for being in this world in the process. If I can touch a life and prevent even one homicide of suicide case in the world, then my book Preserve Knowledge: The Healing of the Nation will have accomplished its objective to save lives and preserve knowledge. Nobody really understands why people commit crimes against lives and how it affects the perpetrator spiritually. I would like to help in understanding their situation by helping them in their healing process and introducing them to other spiritual leaders who were once lost and without direction in their lives and have now become leaders of society. Only by understanding these people and their situations will it be possible for us to communicate with our inner self and soul and eventually understand how wisdom of the mind and soul becomes a reality. Through my book, I wish to help people come to the realization that when a person dies or is killed, everything he has learned in life becomes useless. There was no transference of knowledge to the living that are capable of propagating the knowledge shared with them by the deceased. By helping people to survive, we preserve knowledge and in the end the shared knowledge helps in empowering a nation. An intellectual nation is a rich nation. My book will concentrate on developing the 2 most important areas of development in a human being. These are the mind and soul. It is imperative that the mind of a person be developed because the mind can be likened to an absorbent sponge that will absorb all information that comes its way. It is like a blank slate waiting to be written upon using permanent ink. Although the mind filters information, it also helps the soul develop through logical connections and thinking. The soul on the other hand helps that knowledge we collect to become part of a persons personality and memory database. During the times when the soul feels so tired that if seems to make more sense to end your life, a person feels hopeless. But this is not the way God intended for us to live our lives. God created man to be the highest and most intelligent form of animals because only man was tasked with the duty of taking care of our planet and recording its history. This is the main reason why all knowledge and information that each man has in his mind and soul must be shared with others. Sharing information with the right people always helps to enrich lives. When a person feels good about himself and he has the right kind of support to help him overcome his shortcomings, the nation benefits. That person will always turn out to be a valuable asset to society and whose contribution would be solely missed if he were to take his knowledge to the grave with him. This is why it is imperative that my book Preserve Knowledge: The Healing of the Nation must be published. So many lives are lost these days to suicide or homicide. Imagine all the knowledge that is snatched away from us. We should not allow the draining of this knowledge to proceed any further. Needless to say, only my book can show us how to do this. This is why I am imploring your help in order to see my book published. If you believe in the same causes that I do, this book will be a valuable asset to your personal library.

Feminist Refutation of the Deconstruction of The True Confessions of Ch

A Feminist Refutation of the Deconstruction of The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle  Ã‚   As Captain Jaggery’s ostensibly moral imperative from Avi’s The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle implores, we the readers â€Å"protect the natural order of the world† through our disbelief in our heroine as reflected in our intuitive reflection upon and deconstructionalist critique of the book.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In fact, it is likely that our disbelief of Charlotte’s story is as much a comment on our attitudes towards gender roles as it is an educated and thoughtful response to its clues.   Even as we find ourselves believing along with the story, we, upon reflection, find valid ways to destroy that believability, in no small part because we define what she does as either â€Å"female† (believable) and â€Å"male† (not believable). The preceding was provided so that the student could gain an understanding of the paper. The complete paper begins below: So what we have here is a girl who admits she owns the weapon that murdered Mr. Hollybrass.   A girl who lied about where she got it.   A girl who was taught to use a blade, and learned to use it, as Mr. Grimes would have it, ‘uncommon’ well.   A girl who, all agree, is unnatural in every way she acts.   Gentlemen, do we not, as natural men, need to take heed?   Is it not our duty, our obligation, to protect the natural order of the world? (Avi, 178) As Captain Jaggery’s ostensibly moral imperative from Avi’s The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle implores, we the readers â€Å"protect the natural order of the world† through our disbelief in our heroine as reflected in our intuitive reflection upon and deconstructionalist critique of the book.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In fact, it is likely that our disbelief of Charlotte’s story is a... ...ive to males.   This in itself indicates a gender expectation on the part of the reader, one that predisposes the reader to disbelieve and should lead us all to re-examine our motivations in deconstructing the text.  Ã‚   Moreover, females and males alike colored Charlotte’s adaptation to her circumstances with a movement from a female role to a male role as if gender roles were intractable and binding from both the male and female points of view -- she wouldn’t be able to do it, despite the fact that quite possibly her own survival dictated she probably could have not done otherwise!   Once again, logic dictates that we at least acknowledge that our inability to accept Charlotte’s account could be more of a reflection of our gender expectations than her twisting of the truth.    Works Cited: Avi. The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle. New York: Avon Books.1990.

The Development Of Leadership Quality Education Essay

â€Å" ‘Leaders are born ‘ and ‘leadership accomplishments can be developed ‘ represent two basically different positions towards the development of leading quality. Which position would you back up, and what deductions may this hold for direction development in organisations? †IntroductionAre leaders born or made? This inquiry has grabbed a batch of attending of many writers in the past century. The leading theories and the ways to analyze leading have been evolved over clip. The subject of leading has been of involvement to many research workers throughout the twentieth century but non in the 19th. As Frank Heller ( 1997, p.340 ) notes that in 1896, the US Library of Congress had non one book on the topic of leading. Alan Bryman, one of the most well-thought-of and cited British research worker, has written a reappraisal chapter ‘Leadership in Organizations ‘ in 1990s. Bryman traces the displacements in the definition of leading from Trait epochs to the New Leadership epoch ( Bryman, 1996 ) . David Day argues that leaders can be developed. He carried out a thorough scrutiny of leading development from three interconnected positions, of theory, pattern and research ( Day, D. V, 2001 ) . One of his wide findings was that the pattern of leading development offered many processs for executing programmes for accomplishing coveted ends of leading development. However, he was able to happen small hallmark of the connexions between the patterns and those ends. Day gives a clear image of one of the ways in which leading research is chiefly complex to analyze and implement. He foremost differentiates between leader development and leading development. Leader development focuses on the person, and historically was the more of import one. Whereas, leading development shows a broader image of the overall kineticss of the organisations within which leaders and others perform their work ( Rickards and Clark, 2006 ) . In the undermentioned pages, we will be looking at different theories that either supports the ‘Born ‘ or ‘Made ‘ side of leading, back up the impression that leaders can be developed and speak about how can they be developed and what impact does it hold on the direction and leading development in an organisation.Leaderships, Born or Made?Narratives from all over the universe have promoted the fact of natural leaders, who succeeded without any formal preparation or whatsoever. Yet, leading preparation and development has been a turning field of survey. The taken-for-granted belief in the natural born leader was noted in a address on leading made by the Bishop of Durham, Dr Herbert H. Hensley at St Andrews University, Scotland in 1930s, in which he noted that: â€Å" It is a fact that some work forces possess an inbred high quality, which gives them a ruling influence over their coevalss, and marks them out unmistakeably for leading. . . [ in many walks of life ] there are those who with an assured and undisputed rubric, take the prima topographic point, and determine the general behavior † ( Quoted in Adair J. , 1989 ) We will now be looking at two proposals by Alan Bryman and David Day. Bryman takes us on a journey through the development of leading theories in the pre-modern times to the rise of trait theory, and an epoch where trait theories became challenges by more behaviourally oriented thoughts. Bryman portrays all these theories as a portion of the â€Å" old leading † theoretical account and contrasts them with an of import theoretical account of new leading. We will now understand how trait theories became cardinal, underpinning beliefs about natural Born leaders followed by the diminution in the sensed significance of trait theories added to the ultimate rise of involvement in leading developmental possibilities ( Rickards and Clark, 2006 ) . An early definition which was accepted for three decennaries was by Stogdill in his enchiridion which says â€Å" Leadership may be considered as the procedure ( act ) of act uponing the activities of a group in attempts towards end scene and end accomplishment † ( Stogdill, 1950 ) . Bryman argues that that definition presented by Stogdill indicates how leading was supposed to run through a leader carrying the behavior of the followings. However, he notes that this definition is deficient for distinguishing between leading and direction. He so compares this to a new leading definition which says â€Å" The leader gives a sense of way and aim through the articulation of a compelling world-view [ the specifying feature of which is ] the active publicity of values which provide shared significances about the nature of organisations † ( Bryman, 1996 ) . Bryman takes a historiographer ‘s attack and suggests typical epochs in leading theory and research. He notes that the epochs are suggestions of periods within which a peculiar kind of theory had domination over the other. He categorises them into 4 epochs, the trait epoch, manner epoch, eventuality epoch and the new leading epoch. The trait epoch was from 1880s to 1940s. It emphasised on the indispensable features of a leader which were presumed to be congenital traits like physical traits, abilities like intelligence, communicating etc and personality features like assurance, extroversion etc. The manner epoch was from 1940s to 1960s. It refocused on what the leaders did instead than their personal traits. The most dominant organisational surveies such as the Ohio State probes set a manner for analyzing the studies of followings which was even followed in the eventuality epoch. Research workers attempted to distill manners to a few overarching variables, frequently bring forthing planar theoretical accounts of people oriented and undertaking oriented. The eventuality epoch, right after the manner epoch, that was from late sixtiess to early 1980s. It can be seen as a more complex manner as it incorporates the situational variable. A contingent variable is one whose significance in a theory is dependent on fortunes. A people oriented manner may non be appropriate is the degree of acquisition and instruction of the followings is low. Harmonizing to Bryman, the eventuality theory introduced the ‘it all depends ‘ thought. He identified the theoretical account developed by Fred Fiedler and colleagues as the best known of the eventuality approaches. This theory suggests that the nature of the leader to favor undertaking or relationships may be assessed by the leaders position of his colleagues and specifically for the least preferable colleague ( LPC ) . If a leader sees good qualities in his colleagues, he tends to be more relationship oriented, if non so undertaking oriented. The new leading epoch took up in the 1980s and to day of the month. The typical characteristics are a displacement from the trait, manner and eventuality theoretical accounts through focal point on leading as a socially constructed procedure. The 2nd characteristic was a procedure of transformational alteration. This was a clear limit from the two old epochs of eventuality and manner, although the birth of trait theory could besides be considered as grounded in leader traits linked with major transmutations ( Rickards and Clark, 2006 ) . In 2001, David Day carried out a elaborate review of leading development from three interconnected positions, of theory, pattern and research. One of his wide findings was that the pattern of leading development can give us many ways for carry oning plans for carry throughing wanted ends of leading development. Day illustrates that leading research is reasonably complex to analyze and put to death. He draws a differentiation between leader development and leading development. Leader development focuses on the person, and historically was the more of import one. Whereas, leading development shows a broader image of the overall kineticss of the organisations within which leaders and others perform their work ( Rickards and Clark, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Day, leading development holds near the single focal point instead than replace it. He criticizes on the weak nexus between theory and pattern and developed six of the most influential techniques for leading development, viz. 360-degree feedback, coaching, mentoring, networking, occupation assignments and actions ( Day, D. V, 2001 ) . This we will discourse in item towards the terminal of this paper. Over the old ages, leading has been studied loosely in a assortment of contexts and theoretical foundations. In some instances, leading has been illustrated as a procedure, but most theories and research on leading expression at a individual to derive understanding ( Bernard, 1926 ; Blake, Shepard and Mouton, 1964 ; Drath and Palus, 1994 ; Fiedler, 1967 ; and House and Mitchell, 1974 ) . Leadership is in general defined by the traits, qualities, and behaviours of a leader. ( Stogdill, 1974 ) , identified several different classs that arrests the kernel of the survey of leading in the 20th century. The first motion dealt with the properties of great leaders. Leadership was explained by the internal qualities with which a individual is born ( Bernard, 1926 ) . The impression was that if the traits that distinguished leaders from followings could be identified, successful leaders could be rapidly evaluated and put into places of leading. Personality, physical, and mental individualisms were examined. This research was based on the thought that leaders were born and non made, and the key to success was merely in acknowledging those people who were born to be great leaders. Despite the fact that much research was done to place the traits, no clear response was found with respect to what traits every clip were associated with great leading. One imperfectness with this line of idea was in ignoring the situational and environmental factors that play a function in a leader ‘s degree of effectivity ( Horner M. , 1997 ) . A 2nd major thrust looked at leader behaviours in an attempt to reason what successful leaders do, non how they look to others ( Halpin and Winer, 1957 ; Hemphill and Coons, 1957 ) . These surveies began to look at leaders in the model of the organisation, placing the behaviours leaders ‘ exhibit that increases the efficiency of the company. A 3rd attack in response to the inquiry about the best manner to take dealt with the dealingss between the leader ‘s traits, the leader ‘s behaviours, and the state of affairs in which the leader exists. These eventuality theories make the guess that the effects of one variable on leading are contingent on others. Yet another eventuality theory trades with an scrutiny of the people who are led by leaders. The significance of the followings in leading materialized ( House and Mitchell, 1974 ) , and leading was seen as a communicating between the ends of the follo wings and the leader. The path-goal theory proposes that leaders are chiefly responsible for assisting followings build up behaviours that will enable them to achieve their ends or preferred results. Extra leading theories have come frontward over the past 10 to fifteen old ages. This is symbolized by the comparing of transactional and transformational leading. Transactional leading stems from more constituted positions of workers and organisations, and it involves the place power of the leader to utilize followings for undertaking completion ( Burns, 1978 ) . Transformational leading, nevertheless, looks on for ways to assist actuate followings by carry throughing higher-order demands and more to the full appealing them in the procedure of the work ( Bass, 1985 ) . Transformational leaders can get down and cover with alteration, and they can craft something new out of the old. In this manner, these leaders separately evolve while besides assisting their followings and organisations evolve. They construct strong associations with others while back uping and heartening each person ‘s development. Manz and Sims besides offer a revised, integrative point of position on leading . Using the term â€Å" Super Leadership, † they confront the traditional paradigm of leading as one individual making something to other people ( Manz and Sims, 1991 ) . Alternatively, they propose that another theoretical account exists for leading today: â€Å" the most appropriate leader is one who can take others to take themselves † ( p. 18 ) . Harmonizing to this position, leading exists within every person, and it is non restricted to the bounds of officially appointed leaders. They suggest that for leaders to be most successful, they need to help each person in the development of taking himself or herself. Leaderships become great by unleashing the possible and capablenesss of followings, hence holding the cognition of many people alternatively of trusting entirely on their ain accomplishments and abilities. Daniel Goleman was the first individual to present the thought of 'emotional intelligence ‘ in his book with the same rubric in 1995. In his research of around 200 big companies, he found that apart from the leading qualities like intelligence, stamina, finding and vision, which are needed to for a leader to be successful ; there is besides a demand for a high degree of emotional intelligence which includes self-awareness, self-regulation, motive, empathy and societal accomplishments. These qualities may sound soft but Goleman discovered strong relationships between emotional intelligence and the house ‘s public presentation. Harmonizing to Goleman, IQ and proficient accomplishments are the entry degree demands for any executive places. But Goleman ‘s research shows that emotional intelligence is the sine qua non of leading and without it, no affair if the individual has the best preparation in the universe, has an analytical head and a clump of superb thoughts, he still wont do a great leader ( Goleman, 1998 ) . Self-awareness is the first component of emotional intelligence, which makes sense when one believe that the Delphic prophet gave the advice to â€Å" cognize thyself † 1000s of old ages ago. Self-awareness means holding a deep apprehension of one ‘s emotions, strengths, failings, demands, and thrusts. Peoples with strong self-awareness are neither overly critical nor unrealistically hopeful. Rather, they are honorable with themselves and with others. Peoples with a high grade of self- consciousness place how their feelings affect them, the people around them, and their occupation public presentation. Therefore, a self-conscious individual who knows that he tilt handle tight deadlines, can be after his clip carefully and gets his work done good in progress. Self-awareness extends to a individual ‘s accepting of his values and ends ( Goleman, 1998 ) . Self-regulation is the component of emotional intelligence that frees us from being prisoner of our ain feelings. Peoples occupied in such a duologue feel bad tempers and emotional disposition merely as everyone else does, but they figure out ways to command them and to even impart them in utile ways. Peoples with self-regulation tend to take a different way in difficult times. They craft words in such a manner that the individual gets the message without doing him or her feel bad about it. Peoples who have control of their feelings and urges are able to craft an ambiance of trust and equity. In such an environment, political relations and bitching are aggressively reduced and end product is high. Gifted people congregate to the organisation and are n't tempted to go forth ( Goleman, 1998 ) . Motivation is one trait that all leaders possess. They are driven to accomplish beyond outlooks. Many of the people are motivated by external factors like higher wage, a esteemed rubric in the organisation or the taking company itself for which they are working. On the other manus, good leaders are motivated by a deeply embedded desire to accomplish something merely for the interest of accomplishing it. If one wants to mensurate the motivational degree of the leader, expression at the desire and passion for work itself. Such people look for originative challenges and love to larn new things. Empathy can be easy recognized out of all the other dimensions of emotional intelligence. It surely does non intend following others emotions as one ‘s ain and seek to delight them, instead empathy agencies sympathetically sing employees ‘ feelings along with other factors while doing intelligent determinations. Empathy is preponderantly indispensable today as a constituent of leading for at least three grounds: the increasing usage of squads ; the rapid gait of globalisation ; and the turning demand to retain endowment ( Goleman, 1998 ) . The first three dimensions of emotional intelligence are self-management accomplishments. The last two, empathy and societal accomplishment, trades with a individual ‘s endowment to pull off relationships with others. As an component of emotional intelligence, societal accomplishment is non every bit straightforward as it sounds. It ‘s non merely about friendliness, even though people with high degrees of societal accomplishment are seldom dishonorable. Social accomplishment, instead, is openness with a ground: traveling people in the way you want, whether that ‘s understanding on a new selling scheme or acuteness about a new merchandise. Social accomplishment is a decision of the other dimensions of emotional intelligence. Peoples tend to be really effective at pull offing associations when they can grok and command their ain emotions and can sympathize with the feelings of others. Even motive addendums to societal accomplishment. Peoples who are ambitious to carry through be given to be optimistic, even in the face of failure. When people are optimistic, their â€Å" freshness † is cast upon duologues and other societal brushs ( Goleman, 1998 ) . So can emotional intelligence be learned? For decennaries, people have been reasoning approximately are leaders born or made, and so does about emotional intelligence, are people born with certain degrees of empathy, for illustration, or do they get by existent life experiences? , the reply is both. Scientific research suggests that there is a familial constituent to emotional intelligence and that nature plays a critical function in development of such intelligence. But to what extent, one can non truly mensurate that out. One thing is for certain that emotional intelligence additions as the individual grows older but some people still need developing to develop emotional intelligence. Every individual is born with it, there is a demand to happen and develop it. Emotional intelligence is born mostly in the neurotransmitters of the encephalons limbic system, which administers feelings, urges, and thrusts. Research shows that the limbic system learns best through motive, drawn-out pat tern, and feedback. Compare this with the sort of larning that goes on in the neopallium which governs analytical and proficient ability. The neocortex appreciation constructs and logic. It is the portion of the encephalon that figures out how to utilize a computing machine or do a gross revenues call by reading a book. To hike emotional intelligence organisations must redeploy their preparation to include the limbic system. They must assist people interrupt old behavioral wonts and put up new 1s. That non merely takes much more clip than conventional preparation plans it besides requires an individualised attack. With dedication, continuity and pattern, such a procedure can hold a life long consequence. It ‘s of import to recognize that constructing 1s emotional intelligence can non and will non take topographic point without sincere desire and concentrated attempt. A brief seminar wo n't assist ; nor can one purchase a how-to manual. It is hard to larn to sympathize, to inte rnalise empathy as a natural response to people, than it is to go proficient at failure analysis. But it can be done. â€Å" Nothing great was of all time achieved without enthusiasm † wrote Ralph Waldo Emerson. If your end is to go a existent leader, these words can function as a usher in your attempts to develop high emotional intelligence ( Goleman, 1998 ) . Harmonizing to Day, there are six most influential techniques for leading development, i.e. 360-degree feedback, coaching, mentoring, networking, occupation assignments and action acquisition. 360-degree feedback involves assessment procedures within which the executives ( leaders ) gives feedback to the employees ( followings ) and have a feedback from them if possible at a higher, tantamount or lower degrees in the organisation. It is used to garner positions from the very important persons and the lower downs. This technique is used by many of the luck 500 organisations nevertheless the leading development portion has attracted some differences. Coaching and mentoring are two overlapping agencies of leading development. Both these attacks fit good with the construct of go throughing on the information to the less experient from the more experient one. Coaching is a term by and big related with the proviso of specific sets of behavioral accomplishments ( dialogue, communicating, presentation accomplishments would be typical leading illustrations ) . The procedures tend to presume that statute cognition is transferred from the trainer to the trainee. Mentoring, correspondent to training, is a classical term to specify the relationship between the wise man, the experient and knowing one, and a less experient receiver. Unlike coaching, the cognition transportation is less concerned with specific accomplishments and the acquired cognition is more likely to be dispersed. Mentoring is therefore more clearly developmental, and sometimes called as tacit accomplishments. This characteristic allows the possibility of informal mentoring relationships. Networking has been acknowledged within cognition direction research, as holding a connectivist footing. This draws a differentiation between theories which regard cognition as inborn in persons ( cognitivist theories ) and those concerned with relationships across persons ( connectivist theories ) . These theories believe that organisational constructions are self-structuring, as an result of the information flows through several connexions ( webs ) amongst its single members. The networking attack to leading development is the most obviously connectivist one. Job assignments have played a critical portion in the field of direction development programmes for many old ages. The simple hypothesis is that persons learn by being exposed to wide-ranging challenges of importance to current or future occupations. The statement has been widely applied to apologize concern exchanges, foreign deputations, even abroad school trips. It will be noted that a occupation assignment programme will inescapably hike a alteration in networking activities of those occupied, so that the appraisal of the one technique against the other is a complex affair. Action acquisition is an look applied to an extended scope of experiential acquisition procedures. The procedures tend to affect undertakings as the drive force for larning ; these are frequently directed towards of import concern jobs. It presents the impression of calculated engagement. The find procedure comes from the interior of a individual. The procedure comes with a demand to work through jobs of objectiveness and whether consequences could be generalized or non ( Rickards and Clark, 2006 ) . Apart from these patterns and attacks, there are many formal leading development establishments in the universe. The Centre for Creative Leadership ( CCL ) is considered as one of the most experient planetary leading development organisations in the universe. It was founded in 1970 in Greensboro, NC, USA and had developed itself as a universe leader with many other installations in the US, Europe and Asia. Even in the UK, Ashridge Management College built its extended leading programmes in the 1980s and 90s with the aid of its franchise from CCL. Manchester Business School ( MBS ) besides became a portion of the programme for proficient leading over a period of old ages through its Research & A ; Development Department ( Rickards and Clark, 2006 ) .DecisionThere is still much of a argument that ‘are leaders born or made ‘ , in my perceptual experience and by looking at a scope of articles and books, came to a decision that nevertheless there is an in-born component involv ed in the development of leading, preparation and development is still in much demand to foster explore and smooth that possible. As Goleman notes that ‘It would be foolish to asseverate that good-old-fashioned IQ and proficient ability are non of import ingredients in strong leading. But the formula would non be complete without emotional intelligence. It was one time thought that the constituents of emotional intelligence were â€Å" nice to hold † in concern leaders. But now we know that, for the interest of public presentation, these are ingredients that leaders â€Å" need to hold † ‘ ( Goleman, 1998 ) . The techniques identified by David Day are deserving observing. Whereas the formal techniques can be used in the development of leading, many other informal attacks can besides be considered. Informal squads can besides be setup in an organisations what can give informal but valuable feedback about a individuals behavior which than can be taken attenti on of. A individual may be born with leading accomplishments and may hold emotional intelligence to a certain degree, but when we look at eventualities, the leader has to be cognizant of the state of affairss and has to be pro-active instead than being re-active. Leadership development in footings of emotional intelligence is a drawn-out and clip devouring procedure but it is deserving puting in provided that the scholar is unfastened to all kinds of acquisition and has a passion and enthusiasm for it.